Mental and Emotional Impacts of Surviving a Hurricane

Approximately 10% of the U.S. population will experience one or more natural disasters in their lifetime (Goldstein et al., 2016), with mounting evidence suggesting that such events are increasing in both frequency and intensity (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC], 2012). Natural disasters are associated with a wide range of adverse mental health consequences, among them post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and general psychological distress (PD) (for reviews, see Goldmann & Galea, 2014; Norris et al., 2002). In the short-term, these consequences are not distributed equally in the population, as prior research demonstrates that women, persons of color, those with lower socioeconomic status, and those with pre-existing mental health conditions are at increased risk of post-disaster psychiatric adversity (Neria, Nandi, & Galea, 2008; Norris et al., 2002).

In a study of 669 residents of New York City and Long Island, N.Y., exposed to Superstorm Sandy in 2012, researchers found that a third of study respondents reported depression years later. Anxiety was likely in almost half, and a fifth had probable post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Increased exposure to Sandy’s effects was tied to increased risk for these outcomes. Another study of the population that lived through Sandy found that people who experienced the specific stresses of personal or property damage were at increased risk for having PTSD. Existing mental health issues, social isolation, chronic physical health conditions, limited social or economic resources and previous exposure to major stressful traumatic events can all increase the risk of chronic mental health problems after a storm. Fading public awareness can also exacerbate the problem.

The consensus within the literature is that the long-term effects of hurricanes on mental health include the following:

1. Increased substance use. In an attempt to cope with the stress and trauma, some individuals may turn to alcohol or drugs, which can lead to addiction or worsen mental health conditions.

2. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Survivors may experience persistent symptoms of PTSD, which can include flashbacks, nightmares, hypervigilance, and emotional numbness. These symptoms can persist long after the event and may interfere with daily functioning.

3. Feelings of abandonment. Many people affected by hurricanes may feel disconnected from their communities due to displacement, loss of social networks, or the destruction of local infrastructure. This isolation can worsen feelings of depression and anxiety.

4. Anxiety and depression. The stress of losing homes, possessions, or loved ones can lead to long-lasting anxiety and depression. Constant worry about future storms or financial instability can exacerbate these feelings.

5. Increased suicidal ideation and risky behavior. Increased feelings of hopelessness are common following the aftermath of a traumatic event. Feelings of hopelessness is a known contributor to increased suicidal thoughts and risk-taking behavior.

6. Cultural and identity disruption. For some, the hurricane may cause significant cultural or community disruption, especially in areas where people have deep-rooted historical and cultural ties. This can lead to a sense of loss of identity and belonging, adding to the overall mental health strain.

7. Increased interpersonal violence and child abuse. Similar to COVID, increased substance abuse, isolation and lack of resources can increase the possibility for intimate partner violence and child abuse.

8. Prolonged time to emotional recovery. The ongoing recovery process, uncertainty about the future, financial strain, and the stress of rebuilding can contribute to chronic stress, which can negatively impact both mental and physical health over time.

9. Rising anxiety around climate change. Climate change has a real impact on the mental health of many, and there’s evidence that it may also be making hurricanes stronger and more dangerous. Another study published last year suggested that climate change will broaden the range of hurricanes and cyclones too, meaning that hurricanes could affect areas as far north as New York and Beijing. This may explain why people become more anxious rather than simply becoming accustomed to repeated exposure to hurricanes.

Recap of Topic: Mental and Emotional Impacts of Hurricanes

It’s important to recognize that the mental health impact of a hurricane is often long-lasting, and recovery can take time. Access to mental health services, such as counseling or therapy, can be crucial for managing these long-term effects. Community support, social connections, and engagement in recovery efforts can also help people rebuild their resilience. Addressing the long-term mental health consequences of hurricanes requires a comprehensive approach that includes not only immediate disaster relief but also sustained support for individuals’ psychological well-being.

Coping with Trauma and Storm Fatigue

Coping with trauma after a hurricane or other natural disasters can be incredibly challenging. As previously stated, people often experience a range of emotional, physical, and psychological responses in the aftermath of such events. The following are some suggestions for coping with the aftermath of the trauma.

1. Acknowledge and process emotions.

   • Grief and Loss: It’s natural to grieve lost homes, belongings, and sometimes even loved ones. Allowing yourself to feel and express these emotions can be an important part of healing.

   • Talk About It: Sharing your feelings with family, friends, or professionals can be comforting. Sometimes people don’t realize how much talking about their experience can relieve the pressure of carrying those emotions alone.

   • Mental Health Support: Seek professional help if feelings of sadness, anxiety, or trauma become overwhelming. Many communities offer counseling services, crisis hotlines, or support groups after a disaster.

2. Focus on safety and immediate needs.

   • Secure Shelter: Prioritize safe, temporary shelter if your home is uninhabitable. If you need assistance, reach out to disaster relief organizations like FEMA, the Red Cross, or local shelters.

   • Basic Supplies: Ensure access to clean water, food, and medications. Many areas may face shortages in the immediate aftermath, so it’s important to conserve resources and follow guidance from local authorities.

   • Health Precautions: Floodwaters can be contaminated, so take care to avoid exposure to dangerous water, and keep an eye on potential outbreaks of disease or infection.

3. Reconnect with loved ones.

   • Check-In: Make sure to reconnect with family, friends, and neighbors, especially if communication networks are down. This helps create a sense of support and community.

   • Be Patient with Yourself and Others: The stress and trauma caused by such a disaster can affect everyone differently. Some people may need time alone to process, while others might want to be surrounded by others.

4. Routine and small tasks.

   • Create New Routines: In the chaos following a hurricane, establishing some form of routine can be grounding. Simple tasks like preparing meals, tidying up, or walking around the neighborhood can give people a sense of control and normalcy.

   • Break Down Tasks: The recovery process can be overwhelming, so break it down into manageable steps. Tackle one small task at a time, whether it’s cleaning up debris, contacting insurance, or seeking help.

5. Financial and legal support.

   • Seek Assistance: Many organizations, including government agencies and nonprofits, provide financial support, temporary housing, and aid in the form of grants or low-interest loans. Apply for disaster relief assistance through FEMA, SBA, or other programs as soon as possible.

   • Insurance Claims: Contact your insurance company to report damage and start the claims process. Keep detailed records and take photos of the damage for documentation.

6. Community and support networks.

   • Build and Rely on Community Connections: The support of neighbors and local communities can play a vital role in recovery. Form support networks to check in on one another, especially for elderly neighbors or those with health conditions.

   • Volunteer and Help Others: Helping others can also be a powerful way to heal. Whether it’s offering supplies to a neighbor or volunteering with relief efforts, giving back can create a sense of purpose and community.

7. Resilience and long-term recovery.

   • Focus on Resilience: While the immediate aftermath is overwhelming, it’s important to remember that recovery takes time. Communities and individuals often come out stronger on the other side by fostering resilience through support, rebuilding efforts, and mental health care.

   • Prepare for the Future: If possible, start planning for future disasters, such as reinforcing your home, creating an emergency kit, or joining community preparedness programs. Knowing you are better prepared next time can provide some peace of mind.

8. Engage in self-care.

   • Physical Health: Try to maintain physical health by getting enough rest, eating well, and staying active. Physical well-being supports emotional and mental resilience.

   • Creative Outlets: Engage in creative or calming activities like journaling, drawing, music, or spending time in nature. These activities can provide emotional release and help process feelings.

Recap of Topic: Coping with Trauma and Storm Fatigue

It’s important to understand that recovery is a long-term process, and it’s okay to seek help and take things one step at a time. Resilience builds gradually, and with support from loved ones, professionals, and community resources, you can heal and rebuild.

^{Recommended Product of the Week}

This week’s recommended resource is the Florida Safe Home Program. The Florida Safe Home Program is designed to help homeowners in Florida protect their homes from the damage caused by hurricanes and other natural disasters. Specifically, the program provides financial assistance to help homeowners retrofit their homes to make them more resilient against high winds, such as those generated by hurricanes. The grant offers up to $10,000 in financial aid on windows, doors, and roof replacements.